Introduction to Machine Learning | Week 7
Session: JAN-APR 2024
Course name: Introduction to Machine Learning
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These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q1. Which of the following statement(s) regarding the evaluation of Machine Learning models is/are true?
A model with a lower training loss will perform better on a test dataset.
The train and test datasets should represent the underlying distribution of the data.
To determine the variation in the performance of a learning algorithm, we generally use one training set and one test set.
A learning algorithm can learn different parameter values if given different samples from the same distribution.
Answer: b), d)
Q2. Suppose we have a classification dataset comprising of 2 classes A and B with 100 and 50 samples respectively. Suppose we use stratified sampling to split the data into train and test sets. Which of the following train-test splits would be appropriate?
Train- {A:80samples,B:30samples}, Test- {A:20samples,B:20samples}
Train- {A:20samples,B:20samples}, Test- {A:80samples,B:30samples}
Train- {A:80samples,B:40samples}, Test- {A:20samples,B:10samples}
Train- {A:20samples,B:10samples}, Test- {A:80samples,B:40samples}
Answer: c) Train- {A:80samples,B:40samples}, Test- {A:20samples,B:10samples}
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These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q3. Suppose we are performing cross-validation on a multiclass classification dataset with N
data points. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
In k-fold cross validation, each fold should have a class-wise proportion similar to the given dataset.
In k-fold cross-validation, we train one model and evaluate it on the k different test sets.
In LOOCV, we train N different models, using (N-1) data points for training each model.
In LOOCV, we can use the same test data to evaluate all the trained models.
Answer: a), c)
Q4. Suppose we have a binary classification problem wherein we need to achieve a high recall. On training four classifiers and evaluating them, we obtain the following confusion matrices. Each matrix has the format indicated below:
Which of these classifiers should we prefer?
[4 3 6 87]
[8 11 2 79]
[5 0 5 90]
[2 4 8 86]
Answer: b) [8 11 2 79]
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Q5. Suppose we have a binary classification problem wherein we need to achieve a low False Positive Rate (FPR). On training four classifiers and evaluating them, we obtain the following confusion matrices. Each matrix has the format indicated below:
Which of these classifiers should we prefer?
[4 6 6 84]
[8 13 2 77]
[5 2 5 88]
[10 4 0 86]
Answer: c) [5 2 5 88]
Q6. We have a logistic regression model that computes the probability p(x) that a given input x belongs to the positive class. For a threshold θ∈(0,1), the class labels f(x)∈{negative,positive} are predicted as given below.
f(x)={negative,positive,if p(x)<θif p(x)≥θ
For θ=0.5, we have TPR=0.8 and FPR=0.3. Then which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
For θ=0.4, the FPR could be lower than 0.25.
For θ=0.4, the FPR could be higher than 0.45.
For θ=0.6, the TPR must be higher than 0.85.
For θ=0.6, the TPR could be higher than 0.85.
For θ=0.4, the TPR must be lower than 0.75.
For θ=0.4, the TPR could be lower than 0.75.
Answer: b) For θ=0.4, the FPR could be higher than 0.45.
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Q7. Consider the following statements.
Statement P: Boosting takes multiple weak classifiers and combines them into a strong classifier.
Statement Q: Boosting assigns equal weights to the predictions of all the weak classifiers, resulting in a high overall performance.
P is True. Q is True. Q is the correct explanation for A.
P is True. Q is True. Q is not the correct explanation for A.
P is True. Q is False.
Both P and Q are False.
Answer: c) P is True. Q is False.
Q8. Which of the following statement(s) about ensemble methods is/are correct?
The individual classifiers in bagging cannot be trained parallelly.
The individual classifiers in boosting cannot be trained parallelly.
A committee machine can consist of different kinds of classifiers like SVM, decision trees and logistic regression.
Bagging further increases the variance of an unstable classifier.
Answer: b), c)
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These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q1. What is bootstrapping in the context of machine learning?
A technique to improve model training speed.
A method to reduce the size of the dataset.
Creating multiple datasets by randomly sampling with replacement.
A preprocessing step to normalize data.
Answer: Creating multiple datasets by randomly sampling with replacement.
Q2. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of cross-validation?
Reduces the risk of overfitting.
Provides a more accurate estimate of model performance.
Allows for better understanding of model bias.
Increases the size of the training dataset.
Answer: Increases the size of the training dataset.
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q3. Bagging is an ensemble method that:
Focuses on boosting the performance of a single weak learner.
Trains multiple models sequentially, each learning from the mistakes of the previous one.
Combines predictions of multiple models to improve overall accuracy.
Utilizes a committee of diverse models for prediction.
Answer: Combines predictions of multiple models to improve overall accuracy.
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q4. Which evaluation measure is more suitable for imbalanced classification problems?
Accuracy
Precision
F1-score
Mean Squared Error
Answer: F1-score
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q5. What does the ROC curve represent?
The trade-off between precision and recall.
The relationship between accuracy and F1-score.
The performance of a model across various thresholds.
The distribution of classes in a dataset.
Answer: The performance of a model across various thresholds.
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q6. Which ensemble method involves training multiple models in such a way that each model corrects the errors of the previous model?
Bagging
Stacking
Boosting
Committee Machines
Answer: Boosting
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q7. In a ROC curve, what does the diagonal line represent?
The perfect classifier
Random guessing
Trade-off between sensitivity and specificity
The ideal threshold for classification
Answer: Random guessing
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q8. In k-fold cross-validation, how is the dataset divided for training and testing?
The dataset is randomly shuffled and divided into k equal parts. One part is used for testing and the remaining k-1 parts are used for training.
The dataset is split into two equal parts: one for training and the other for testing.
The dataset is divided into k equal parts. One part is used for testing and the remaining k-1 parts are used for training in each iteration.
The dataset is divided into k unequal parts based on data distribution.
Answer: The dataset is divided into k equal parts. One part is used for testing and the remaining k-1 parts are used for training in each iteration.
Q9. What is the primary advantage of ensemble methods over individual models?
Simplicity of implementation
Lower computational complexity
Increased Robustness
Faster training time
Answer: Increased Robustness
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Q1. For the given confusion matrix, compute the recall
a. 0.73
b. 0.7
c. 0.6
d. 0.67
e. 0.78
f. None of the above
Answer: d. 0.67
Q2. You have 2 multi-class classifiers A and B. A has accuracy = 0% and B has accuracy = 50%. Which classifier is more useful?
a. A
b. B
c. Both are equally good
d. Depends on the number of classes
Answer: d. Depends on the number of classes
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q3. For large datasets, we should always be choosing large k while doing k − fold cross validation to get better performance on test set.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b. False
Q4. We have a dataset with 1000 samples and 5 classes for classification. What would be the training size for a 20 fold cross validation?
a. 50
b. 200
c. 800
d. 950
Answer: d. 950
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q5. Which of the following are true?
TP – True Positive, TN – True Negative, FP – False Positive, FN – False Negative
a. Precision=TP/TP+FP
b. Recall=TP/TP+FN
c. Accuracy=2(TP+TN)/TP+TN+FP+FN
d. Recall=FP/TP+FP
Answer: a, b
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q6. In the ROC plot, what are the quantities along x and y axes respectively?
a. Precision, Recall
b. Recall, Precision
c. True Positive Rate, False Positive Rate
d. False Positive Rate, True Positive Rate
e. Specificity, Sensitivity
f. True Positive, True Negative
g. True Negative, True Positive
Answer: d. False Positive Rate, True Positive Rate
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q7. How does bagging help in improving the classification performance?
a. If the parameters of the resultant classifiers are fully uncorrelated (independent), then bagging is inefficient.
b. It helps reduce variance
c. If the parameters of the resultant classifiers are fully correlated, then bagging is inefficient.
d. It helps reduce bias
Answer: b, c
Q8. Which method among bagging and stacking should be chosen in case of limited training data? and What is the appropriate reason for your preference?
a. Bagging, because we can combine as many classifier as we want by training each on a different sample of the training data
b. Bagging, because we use the same classification algorithms on all samples of the training data
c. Stacking, because we can use different classification algorithms on the training data
d. Stacking, because each classifier is trained on all of the available data
Answer: d. Stacking, because each classifier is trained on all of the available data
Q9. Which of the following statements are false when comparing Committee Machines and Stacking
a. Committee Machines are, in general, special cases of 2-layer stacking where the second- layer classifier provides uniform weightage.
b. Both Committee Machines and Stacking have similar mechanisms, but Stacking uses different classifiers while Committee Machines use similar classifiers.
c. Committee Machines are more powerful than Stacking
d. Committee Machines are less powerful than Stacking
Answer: b, c
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
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Q1. You have 2 binary classifiers A and B. A has accuracy=0% and B has accuracy=50%. Which classifier is more useful?
a. A
b. B
c. Both are good
d. Cannot say
Answer: c. Both are good
Q2. You have 2 multi-class classifiers A and B. A has accuracy=0% and B has accuracy=50%. Which classifier is more useful?
a. A
b. B
c. Both are good
d. Cannot say
Answer: d. Cannot say
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q3. Using the bootstrap approach for sampling, the new dataset will have _________ of the original samples on expectation.
a. 50.0%
b. 56.8%
c. 63.2%
d. 73.6%
Answer: a. 50.0%
Q4. You have a special case where your data has 10 classes and is sorted according to target labels. You attempt 5-fold cross validation by selecting the folds sequentially. What can you say about your resulting model?
a. It will have 100% accuracy.
b. It will have 0% accuracy.
c. Accuracy will depend on how good the model does.
d. Accuracy will depend on the compute power available for training.
Answer: d. Accuracy will depend on the compute power available for training.
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q5. Given the following information
What is the precision and recall?
a. 0.5, 0.4375
b. 0.7, 0.636
c. 0.6, 0.636
d. 0.7, 0.4375
e. None of the above
Answer: e. None of the above
Q6. AUC for your newly trained model is 0.5. Is your model prediction completely random?
a. Yes
b. No
c. ROC curve is needed to derive this conclusion
d. Cannot be determined even with ROC
Answer: d. Cannot be determined even with ROC
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q7. What is the effect of using bagging on weak classifiers for variance?
a. Increases variance
b. Reduces variance
c. Does not change
Answer: a. Increases variance
Q8. You are building a model to detect cancer. Which metric will you prefer for evaluating your model?
a. Accuracy
b. Sensitivity
c. Specificity
d. MSE
Answer: c. Specificity
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
Q9. You are building a model to detect a mild medical condition for which further testing costs are extremely expensive. Which metric will you prefer for evaluating your model?
a. Accuracy
b. Sensitivity
c. Specificity
d. MSE
Answer: d. MSE
Q10. A: Boosting takes many weak learners and combines them into a strong learner.
B: Boosting determines the proportion of importance each weak learner should be assigned and weighs its prediction by it and combines them to make the final prediction.
a. A is True. B is True. B is the correct explanation for A.
b. A is True. B is True. B is not the correct explanation for A.
c. A is True. B is False.
d. Both A and B are False.
Answer: c. A is True. B is False.
These are Introduction to Machine Learning Week 7 Assignment 7 Answers
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